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Alexander of Lincoln
Alexander of Lincoln (died February 1148) was a medieval English Bishop of Lincoln, a member of an important administrative and ecclesiastical family. He was the nephew of Roger of Salisbury, a Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of England under King Henry I, and he was also related to Nigel, Bishop of Ely. Educated at Laon, Alexander served in his uncle's diocese as an archdeacon in the early 1120s. Unlike his relatives, he held no office in the government before his appointment as Bishop of Lincoln in 1123. Alexander became a frequent visitor to King Henry's court after his elevation to the episcopate, often witnessing royal documents, and he served as a royal justice in Lincolnshire.
Although Alexander was known for his ostentatious and luxurious lifestyle, he founded a number of religious houses in his diocese and was an active builder and literary patron. He also attended church councils and reorganized his diocese by increasing the number of archdeaconries and setting up prebends to support his cathedral clergy. Under Henry's successor, King Stephen, Alexander was caught up in the fall from favour of his family, and was imprisoned together with his uncle Roger in 1139. He subsequently briefly supported Stephen's rival, Matilda, but by the late 1140s Alexander was once again working with Stephen. He spent much of the late 1140s at the papal court in Rome, but died in England in early 1148. During his episcopate he began the rebuilding of his cathedral, which had been destroyed by fire. Alexander was the patron of medieval chroniclers Henry of Huntingdon and Geoffrey of Monmouth, and also served as an ecclesiastical patron of the medieval hermit Christina of Markyate and Gilbert of Sempringham, founder of the Gilbertines.
==Early life==
Alexander was a nephew of Roger, Bishop of Salisbury,〔 probably the son of Roger's brother Humphrey.〔 His mother's name, Ada, is known from the Lincoln Cathedral ''libri memoriales'', or obituary books.〔Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' pp. 272–276〕 Alexander's brother David was archdeacon of Buckingham in the diocese of Lincoln.〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 3: Lincoln: Bishops )''〕 Other relatives included Nigel, another nephew of Roger's; and Adelelm, later Treasurer of England, who was recorded as Roger's nephew but perhaps was his son.〔 It is possible, although unproven, that Nigel was really Alexander's brother rather than his cousin.〔 Roger's son Roger le Poer, who later became Chancellor of England, was also a cousin. Alexander's cousin Nigel had a son, Richard FitzNeal, who later became Treasurer of England and Bishop of London. Alexander also had a nephew William, who became an archdeacon, and a great-nephew named Robert de Alvers.〔
Alexander's birthdate is unknown.〔 Together with his cousin Nigel he was educated at Laon, under the schoolmaster Anselm of Laon,〔Chibnall ''Anglo-Norman England'' p. 128〕 and returned to England at some unknown date.〔Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' p. 49 and footnote 74〕 The historian Martin Brett feels that Alexander probably served as a royal chaplain early in his career, although no sources support this conjecture.〔Brett ''English Church'' p. 107 footnote 5〕 Alexander was an archdeacon in the diocese of Salisbury by 1121, under his uncle. While occupying that office he was credited with a writing a glossary of Old English legal terms in the Anglo Norman language,〔Greenway ''(Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: volume 4: Salisbury: Archdeacons of Salisbury )''〕 entitled the ''Expositiones Vocabulorum''.〔Kealey ''Roger of Salisbury'' p. 24〕 Unlike his cousin Nigel, Alexander does not appear to have entered the king's household or administration before his appointment as a bishop, and only attested, or witnessed, one royal charter before his elevation to the episcopate in 1123.〔Green ''Government of England'' p. 263 and footnote 309〕
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